The Holy See and the Wandering of the Nations, from St. Leo I to St. Gregory I

8

Gregorovius, i. 208.

9

Gregorovius, i. 215.

10

Sidonius Apollinaris, Epist., i. 9. "Hi in amplissimo ordine, seposita prærogativa partis armatæ, facile post purpuratum principem principes erant."

11

"Sed si forte placet veteres sopire querelas

Anthemium concede mihi; sit partibus istis

Augustus longumque Leo; mea jura gubernet

Quem petii." —Carmen, ii.

12

Reumont, i. 700.

13

He says at the end of 500 hendecasyllabics (jam te veniam loquacitati Quingenti hendecasyllabi precantur):

"Hinc ad balnea non Neroniana,Nec quæ Agrippa dedit, vel ille cujusBustum Dalmaticæ vident Salonæ,Ad thermas tamen ire sed libebat,Privato bene præbitas pudori".

14

For a well-told account of this expedition and its failure, see Thierry, Derniers Temps de l'Empire d'Occident, pp. 77-101.

15

There is a strange occurrence recorded by St. Gregory in his Dialogues as having taken place in this church, which would seem to point at Ricimer's burial in it.

16

This account has been shortened from that of Gregorovius, i. 231-5.

17

Giesebrecht, quoted by Hergenröther, K.G., i. 449.

18

Hergenröther, i. 449-453.

19

Reumont, ii. 6.

20

Reumont, ii. 9.

21

Reumont (ii. 29-42) gives an admirable sketch of the government of Theodorich, by which I have profited in what follows.

22

Montalembert, Gregorovius, Kurth. Philips (vol. iii., p. 51, sec. 119), remarks: "Wäre Theodorich der Grosse nicht Arianer gewesen, so würde, wenn er es sonst gewollt, ihm wohl nichts weiter im Wege gestanden haben, als sich zum Römischen kaiser im Abendlande ausrufen lassen".

23

Gregorovius, i. 312, 315.

24

Orosius, Hist., vii. 43.

25

Photius, i. 111.

26

Photius, i. 120.

27

Guizot, Sur la Civilisation en Europe, deuxième leçon.

28

Edict of Valentinian III., in 447.

29

See Philips, Kirchenrecht, vol. iii., sec. 119.

30

Tillemont, xvi. 68.

31

Simplicii, Ep. viii.; Photius, i. 115.

32

Pope Gelasius, 13th letter.

33

Mansi, vii. 1032-6; Jaffé, 359.

34

Mansi, vii. 1028; Jaffé, 360.

35

Photius, i. 123, translated.

36

Mansi, vii. 1065; Baronius (anno 484), 17; Jaffé, 364.

37

It is to be observed that the Pope calls his judgment the Judgment of the Holy Ghost, just as Pope Clement I. did in the first recorded judgment. See his letter, secs. 58, 59, 63, quoted in Church and State, 198-199.

38

Photius, i. 124.

39

Mansi, vii. 1139; Baronius (anno 484), 26, 27.

40

Domini sacerdotes.

41

Jaffé, 365; Mansi, vii. 1065.

42

iv. 16.

43

Silentiarius, in the Greek court, officers who kept silence in the emperor's presence.

44

Ep. x.; Mansi, vii. 1067.

45

"The recital of a name in the diptychs was a formal declaration of Church fellowship, or even a sort of canonisation and invocation. It was contrary to all Church principles to permit in them the name of anyone condemned by the Church." —Life of Photius, i. 133, by Card. Hergenröther.

46

"Cui feo la doteDono infelice di bellezza, ond' haiFunesta dote d'infinite guai."– Filicaja.

47

Photius, i. 128, who quotes Avitus, 3rd letter, and Ennodius, and Gelasius, Ep. xiii.

48

Photius, i. 126; Hefele, C.G., ii. 596.

49

Jaffé, 371, 372; Mansi, vii. 1097; vii. 1100.

50

Dum scilicet ad Apostolicam Sedem regulariter destinatur, per quam largiente Christo omnium solidatur dignitas sacerdotum. Quod ipsæ dilectionis tuæ literæ Apostolorum summum petramque fidei et cælestis dispensatorem mysterii creditis sibi clavibus beatum Petrum Apostolum confitentur.

51

In compage corporis Christi consentire.

52

Jaffé, 374; Mansi, vii. 1103.

53

The "libellus synodicus," says Hefele, C.G., i. 70, "auch synodicon genannt, enthält kurze Nachrichten über 158 Concilien der 9 ersten Jahrhunderte, und reicht bis zum 8ten allgemeinen Concil incl. Er wurde im 16ten Jahrhundert von Andreas Darmarius aus Morea gebracht, von Pappus, einem Strasburger Theologen, gekauft, und von ihm im I. 1601 mit lateinischer Uebersetzung zuerst edirt. Später ging er auch in die Conciliensammlungen ueber; namentlich liess ihn Harduin im 5ten Bande seiner Collect. Concil. p. 1491 abdrücken, während Mansi ihn in seine einzelnen Theile zerlegte, und jeden derselben an der zutreffenden Stelle (bei jeder einzelnen Synode) mittheilte."

54

ἀκέφαλος.

55

Words of infamous meaning.

56

Civiltà, vol. iii., 1855, p. 429. Acta SS. Jan. XI.

57

Mansi, viii. 5. Ep. i.

58

Ad veniam luxuriæ de me cognosceris ista jactare.

59

See Photius, i. 129-130. Civiltà Cattolica, vol. iii., 1855, pp. 524-5.

60

Mansi, viii. 13. Rescriptum episcoporum Dardaniæ ad Gelasium Papam.

61

Ep. iv. ad Faustum; Mansi, viii. 17.

62

Ep. xiii. Valde mirati sumus; Mansi, viii. 49.

63

Mansi, viii. 30-5.

64

Ne arrogantiam judices divinæ rationis officium.

65

Quem cunctis sacerdotibus et Divinitas summa voluit præeminere, et subsequens Ecclesiæ generalis jugiter pietas celebravit.

66

Photius, 134; Hefele, C.G., ii. 597.

67

Hefele, C.G., ii. 597-605, has most carefully considered the text and the date of the Council of 496. I have followed him in his choice of the text of the best manuscripts, and inasmuch as the biblical canon – the same as that held in the African Church about 393 – seems to have been confirmed by Pope Hormisdas somewhat later, I have not made use of it in this place.

68

Epist. xviii.

69

Qui enim in petra solidabuntur cum petra exaltabuntur.

70

Epist. i.; Labbé, v. 406.

71

Mansi, viii. 193.

72

Epistola Aviti episcopi Viennensis ad Clodoveum regem Francorum. – Mansi, viii. 175.

73

See for this narrative the German Röhrbacher, viii. 486; Civiltà, 1855, art. 9, pp. 152-3; Hefele, ii. 607; Photius, i. 136.

74

Photius, i. 137. Der Einfluss des römischen Stuhles war doch mehr durch die Erneuerung des laurentianischen Schisma als durch die Macht der arianischen Ostgothen auf längere Zeit gelähmt.

75

Ep. vi.; Mansi, viii. 213-217.

76

Qualiscunque præsulis apostolici debes vocem patienter audire.

77

I.e., Manicheans placed the seat of evil in matter, and Eutycheans denied the materiality of the Lord's body. The Pope alludes to the Emperor's Eutychean doctrine.

78

Catholici principes quidem semper apostolicos præsules institutos suis literis prævenerunt, et illam confessionem fidemque præcipuam, tanquam boni filii, quæsierunt debitæ pietatis affectu, cui noscis ipsius Domini Salvatoris ore curam totius Ecclesiæ delegatam.

79

Ubi te, rerum humanarum princeps, qualiscunque Sedis Apostolicæ vicarius contestari mea voce non desino.

80

Ad eam sua protinus scripta miserunt ut se docerent ejus esse consortes. – Mansi, viii. 217.

81

See Hefele, ii. 607 and 209.

82

"Intuitu misericordiæ," says Anastasius.

83

Hefele, ii. 216.

84

Mansi, viii. 247-252; Hefele, ii. 623-5.

85

Acts of the Synodus Palmaris.– Mansi, viii. 247-251.

86

Hefele, ii. 624.

87

Mansi, viii. 293-5. Ep. xxxi. Migne, vol. lix, 248.

88

Hefele, ii. 625-30; Röhrbacher, viii. 463.

89

Mansi, viii. 284, The libellus apologeticus, pp. 274-290.

90

Replicabo, uni dictum, Tu es Petrus, &c., et rursus sanctorum voce pontificum dignitatem ejus sedis factam toto orbe venerabilem, dum illi quicquid fidelium est ubique submittitur, dum totius corporis caput esse designatur. – Mansi, viii. 284.

91

The narrative from Photius, i. 134.

92

Ephrem, v. 9759.

93

Ecclesia orientalis ad Symmachum episcopum Romanum. – Mansi, viii. 221-6.

94

In qua fortitudinem Ecclesiæ suæ constituit. Epistola Anastasii ad Hormesdam pontificem. – Mansi, viii. 384.

95

Mansi, viii. 389-393.

96

Photius, i. 143-5, translated.

97

Ep. x. ad Avitum Viennensem. Mansi, viii. 410.

98

Theophanes, p. 248.

99

Mansi, viii. 425.

100

German Röhrbacher, viii. 532, book 43, 81, mostly followed.

101

Mansi, viii. 435.

102

Mansi, viii. 438.

103

Mansi, viii. 441. Indiculus quem acceperunt legati Apostolicæ Sedis. It much resembles the former one, given to the legates sent to Anastasius.

104

Photius, i. 148.

105

Mansi, viii. 451.

106

In qua est integra Christianæ religionis et perfecta soliditas.

107

Suggestio Germani et Joannis episcoporum, Felicis et Dioscori diaconorum, et Blandi presbyteri. – Mansi, viii. 453.

108

Sacra imperatoris Justini ad Hormisdam. – Mansi, viii. 456.

109

Photius, i. 149, who refers to the Deacon Rusticus, Disputatio contra Acephalos.

110

Mansi, viii. 60.

111

Il granto manto, Dante.

112

Quia in sede Apostolia inviolabilis semper Catholica custoditur religio.

113

Hergenröther, K.G., i. 333.

114

See Photius, i. 149.

115

Mansi, viii. 795-99.

116

This refers to the reunion of a great portion of the eastern Church, which had fallen a prey to the most manifold errors since the Council of Chalcedon. – Riffel, p. 543.

117

Savigny, Geschichte des römischen Rechts im Mittelalter, 1834, i. 36. Quoted by Rump, ix. 72.

118

Ep. xi. 2: Sedes illa toto orbe mirabilis licet generalis mundo sit prædita.

119

Nov. cxxxi. c. 2: θεσπίζομεν τὸν ἁγιώτατον τῆς πρεσβυτέρας Ρώμης πάπαν πρῶτον εἶναι πάντων τῶν ἱερέων.. τῇ γνώμῃ καὶ ὀρθῇ κρίσει τοῦ ἐκείνου σεβασμίου θρόνου κατηργήθησαν. Nov. ix. init.: Pontificatus apicem apud eam (Romam anteriorem) esse nemo est qui dubitet. – Photius, p. 156.

120

Translated from Photius, p. 156.

121

"Cesare fui e son Giustiniano,Che, per voler del primo amor ch'io sento,Dentro alle leggi trassi il troppo e il vano."– Paradiso, vi. 10.

122

This paragraph translated from Rump, ix. 70.

123

Rump, viii. 487.

124

Account from Rump, ix. 172-4, compressed.

125

Respondeat mens illa Sancto Spiritui serviens.

126

Mansi, viii. 808.

127

Mansi, viii. 849.

128

See Baronius, A.D. 535, sec. 40; Hefele, ii. 736-8; Rump, ix. 174-6; Novell. xxxix. De Africana Ecclesia.

129

Photius, i. 153-4: words of Hergenröther, who quotes eastern historians, who call him μεγαλοπρεπέστερος ἀνάκτων τῶν προτέρων.. μεγαλουργὸς κράτωρ.

130

Mansi, viii. 846.

131

Photius, i. 160-2; Rump, ix. 181.

132

Photius, i. 163. The words which concern the conduct of Vigilius are taken from Cardinal Hergenröther. Baronius, A.D. 538, sec. 5, gives from Anastasius the words of the empress, and the Pope's answer, and the following narrative.

133

Gregorovius, i. 372. See Liberatus, Breviarium, ch. xxii.

134

Liberatus, Breviarium.

135

Reumont, ii. 49.

136

St. Gregory, Dialogues, ii. 14, 18.

137

The following drawn from Reumont's narrative, ii. 50-6.

138

The narrative drawn from Reumont, ii. 56-7; Gregorovius, i. 448-9.

139

Mansi, viii. 969; Photius, i. 163.

140

Mansi, viii. 1149.

141

Mansi, ix. 35-40.

142

Narrative drawn from Photius, i. 165-6, down to "Ferrandus," p. 232, below.

143

Mansi, ix. 487-537.

144

Hefele, ii. 790.

145

Hergenröther, K.G., i. 344-5; Photius, i. 166.

146

Translated from Hergenröther's K.G., i., pp. 345-351, from p. 232, above, "at this point Justinian sought," &c., with reference also to the life of Photius.

147

Hergenröther, Photius, i. 174; Rump, K.G., ix. 283.

148

See Reumont, ii. 58-62; Gregorovius, i. 453-9.

149

Reumont, 60.

150

Gregorovius, 455.

151

Ibid., 456.

152

Reumont, 61.

153

Gregorovius, 450-2.

154

See vol. v. 281.

155

Constitutio, lxxxii. 667.

156

Honestatem quam illis obtenentibus credimus.

157

Constitutio, vi. 48.

158

119. De ecclesiasticis titulis, p. 940. Sancimus. This word in Roman law in the time of Justinian is equivalent to the English formula, "Be it enacted by the Queen's most excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords spiritual and temporal and the Commons in Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same". There lies in these two formulæ, expressing the supreme legislative authority, a comparison between the constitution of the lower Roman empire and the medieval constitutions established everywhere by the influence of the Church under guidance of the Popes.

159

Riffel, 611-12, translated.

160

See Justinian, Gloss. v., directed to the patriarch of Constantinople, Epiphanius. Epilogus, p 48: Hæc igitur omnia sanctissimi patriarchæ sub se constitutis Deo amabilibus metropolitis manifesta faciant, at illi subjectis sibi Deo amabilibus episcopis declarent, et illi monasteriis Dei sub sua ordinatione constitutis cognita faciant, quatenus per omnia Domini cultura maneat undique in eos incorrupta.

161

Riffel, p. 615, translated.

162

Riffel, p. 617.

163

Kurth, ii. 35.

164

See Riffel, p. 624.

165

Riffel, p. 625.

166

Ibid., pp. 629-35.

167

See St. Gregory, Epis., x. 51 (vol. ii. 1080), where he writes to the ex-consul Leontius, in Sicily, who had beaten with rods the ex-prefect Libertinus: "Si mihi constare potuisset quia justas causas de suis rationibus haberent, et prius per epistolas vos pulsare habui; et si auditus minime fuissem, serenissimo Domino Imperatori suggererem".

168

Riffel, p. 635.

169

Mansi, xii. 1130.

170

Riffel, 562.

171

Photius, p. 155.

172

Photius, 173.

173

See Gregorovius, ii. 3, 4.

174

Gregorovius, ii. 6.

175

Ibid., ii. 5, literal.

176

Nirschl, iii. 534.

177

Third letter of Pelagius II.; Mansi ix., p. 889: Nefandissima gens.

178

Attested by St. Gregory of Tours, who heard it from a deacon of his church then at Rome.

179

Ep. i. 25, p. 514.

180

Homily xviii. on Ezechiel, tom. i. 1374.

181

Nahum ii, 11.

182

Micheas i. 16.

183

End of the Homilies on Ezechiel, tom. i. 1430.

184

Quoted by Reumont, ii. 90.

185

Ep. v. 42, p. 769.

186

Reumont and Gregorovius.

187

Ep. v. 21, p. 751.

188

Ep. v. 20, tom. ii. 747.

189

Ep. vii. 40, p. 887.

190

I have drawn attention to this fact, and the idea which it represents as attested by Popes earlier than St. Gregory, in vol. v., pp. 53-60, of the Formation of Christendom, "The Throne," &c.

191

Rump, ix. 501-2; see his words quoted above, p. 107.

192

Ep. vii. 34, p. 882.

193

Rump, ix. 502.

194

Providentissime piissimus Dominus ad compescendos bellicos motus pacem quærit ecclesiæ atque ad hujus compagem sacerdotum dignatur corda reducere. -Ep. v. 20, p. 747.

195

De vi et ratione Primatus Romani Pontificis – c. iii., quoting the letter of St. Gregory to Eulogius, viii. 30.

196

Ep. ix. 59, p. 976.

197

Ep. ii. 52, p. 618.

198

Ep. xi. 37, p. 1120.

199

Ep. vi. 60, p. 836.

200

Ep. iv. 38, p. 718.

201

Ep. v. 54, p. 784.

202

Ep. vi. 59, p. 835.

203

Dialog., iii. 31, p. 345, A.D. 594.

204

Ep. i. 43, p. 531.

205

Ep. ix. 121, pp. 1026-8, shortened.

206

Dialog., iii. 31, p. 348.

207

Ep. ix. 122, p. 1028.

208

Paralipom. i. 11, 18.

209

Ep. ix. 61, p. 977.

210

Gibbon, ch. xxxviii.: a sneer or two have been omitted.

211

Gibbon, ch. xxxix.

212

Ch. xxxviii.

213

See above, p. 141.

214

See Kurth, ii. 25-6.

215

See in the Kirchen-lexicon of Card. Hergenröther the article on Gregory I., vol. v., p. 1079.

216

See Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, iii., p. 56; St. Gregory, ii., p. 1294; Mansi, x., p. 486.

217

S. Siricius, Ep.

218

P. 308.

219

Philippians iv. 3.

220

See St. Clement's epistle, sec. 59. "Receive our counsel and you shall not repent of it. For, as God liveth, and as the Lord Jesus Christ liveth, and the Holy Spirit, and the faith and the hope of the elect, he who performs in humility, with assiduous goodness, and without swerving, the commands and injunctions of God, he shall be enrolled and esteemed in the number of those saved through Jesus Christ, through whom be glory to Him for ever and ever. Amen. But if any disobey what has been ordered by Him through us, let them know that they will involve themselves in a fall, and no slight danger, but we shall be innocent of this sin."

221

Hurter's Geschichte Papst Innocenz des Dritten, i. 85-7.