2021 Guide to the Night Sky Southern Hemisphere

Measuring angles in the sky.

Messier / NGC Name Type Constellation Maps (months) — 47 Tucanae globular cluster Tucana All year — Hyades open cluster Taurus Oct. – Feb. — Melotte 111 (Coma Cluster) open cluster Coma Berenices Mar. – Jun. M3 — globular cluster Canes Venatici Mar. – Jul. M4 — globular cluster Scorpius Mar. – Sep. M8 Lagoon Nebula gaseous nebula Sagittarius Apr. – Oct. M11 Wild Duck Cluster open cluster Scutum May – Oct. M13 Hercules Cluster globular cluster Hercules May – Aug. M15 — globular cluster Pegasus Jul. – Nov. M22 — globular cluster Sagittarius Apr. – Oct. M27 Dumbbell Nebula planetary nebula Vulpecula Jun. – Oct. M31 Andromeda Galaxy galaxy Andromeda Sep. – Dec. M35 — open cluster Gemini Nov. – Mar. M42 Orion Nebula gaseous nebula Orion Oct. – Apr. M44 Praesepe open cluster Cancer Dec. – Apr. M45 Pleiades open cluster Taurus Oct. – Feb. M57 Ring Nebula planetary nebula Lyra Jun. – Sep. M67 — open cluster Cancer Dec. – May IC 2602 Southern Pleiades open cluster Carina All year NGC 2070 Tarantula Nebula emission nebula Dorado (LMC) All year NGC 3242 Ghost of Jupiter planetary nebula Hydra Jan. – Jun. NGC 3372 Eta Carinae Nebula gaseous nebula Carina All year NGC 4755 Jewel Box open cluster Crux All year NGC 5139 Omega Centauri globular cluster Centaurus Jan. – Sep.

Some interesting objects.

The Southern Circumpolar Constellations

The southern circumpolar constellations are the key to to starting to identify the constellations. For anyone in the southern hemisphere, they are visible at any time of the year, and nearly everyone is familiar with the striking pattern of four stars that make up the constelllation of Crux (the Southern Cross), and also the two nearby bright stars Rigil Kentaurus and Hadar (α and β Centauri respectively). This pattern of stars is visible throughout the year for most observers, although for observers farther north, the stars may become difficult to see, low on the horizon in the southern spring, espcially in the months of October and November.

Crux

The distinctive shape of the constellation of Crux is usually easy to identify, although some people (especially northerners unused to the southern sky) may wrongly identify the slightly larger False Cross, formed by the stars Aspidiske and Avior (ι and ε Carinae respectively) plus Markeb and Alsephina (κ and δ Velorum). The dark patch of the Coalsack (a dark cloud of obscuring dust) is readily visible on the eastern side of Crux between Acrux and Mimosa (α and β Crucis).

A line through Gacrux (γ Crucis) and Acrux (α Crucis) points approximately in the direction of the South Celestial Pole, crossing the faint constellations of Musca and Chamaeleon. Although there is no bright star close to the South Celestial Pole (and even the constellation in which it lies, Octans, is faint), an idea of its location helps to identify the region of sky that is always visible. (The altitude of the South Celestial Pole is equal to the observer’s latitude south of the equator.) The basic triangular shape of Octans itself is best found by extending a line from Peacock (α Pavonis) through β Pavonis, by about the same distance as that between the stars.

Centaurus

Although Crux is a distinctive shape, Centaurus is a large, rather straggling constellation, with one notable object, the giant, bright globular cluster Omega Centauri (the brightest globular in the sky), which lies towards the north, on the line from Hadar (β Centauri) through ε Centauri. Rather than locating the South Celestial Pole from Crux, a better indication is the line, at right angles to the line between Hadar and Rigil Kentaurus that passes across the brightest star in Circinus (α).

Carina

Apart from the two stars that form part of the False Cross, the constellation of Carina is, like Centaurus, a large, sprawling constellation. It contains one striking open cluster, the Southern Pleiades, and a remarkable emission nebula, the Eta Carinae Nebula. The second brightest star in the sky (after Sirius) is Canopus, α Carinae, which lies far away to the west.

The Magellanic Clouds

On the opposite side of the South Celestial Pole to Crux and Centaurus lie the two Magellanic Clouds. The Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) lies to one side of the relatively inconspicuous, triangular constellation of Hydrus, but is actually within the constellation of Tucana. Nearby is another bright globular cluster, 47 Tucanae. Hydrus itself is also easily identified from the star, Achernar, α Eridani, the rather isolated brilliant star at the southern end of Eridanus, which wanders a long way south, having begun at the foot of Orion.

The stars and constellations inside the circle are always above the horizon, seen from latitude 35°S.

The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) lies within the faint constellation of Dorado. Not only is it a large satellite galaxy of the Milky Way Galaxy, but it contains the large, readily visible, Tarantula Nebula, an emission nebula that is a major star-forming region.

The Summer Constellations

The summer sky is dominated by the constellation of Orion, with its three ‘Belt’ stars, as well as by the three bright stars: Betelgeuse (α Orionis), Sirius (α Canis Majoris), and Procyon (α Canis Minoris), which together form the prominent (Southern) ‘Summer Triangle’. To the west of Orion is Taurus, with orange Aldebaran (α Tauri). A line from Bellatrix (γ Orionis) through Aldebaran points to the striking Pleiades cluster (M45). (The line of three ‘Belt’ stars indicates the same general path and, in the other direction, points towards Sirius.) A line from Mintaka (the westernmost star of the ‘Belt’) through brilliant Rigel (β Orionis) points in the direction of Achernar (α Eridani). One from Alnitak (at the other end of the ‘Belt’) through Saiph (κ Orionis) indicates the direction of Canopus (α Carinae), the second brightest star in the whole sky. A line from Betelgeuse through Sirius points in the general direction of the ‘False Cross’ in Vela and Carina. In the opposite (northern) side of Orion, a line from Meissa (λ Orionis) through Elnath (β Tauri) leads to Capella (α Aurigae), and one from Betelgeuse through Alhena (γ Geminorum) points to Pollux (β Geminorium), the southernmost of the distinctive Castor/Pollux pair. A line across Orion from Bellatrix to Betelgeuse, if extended greatly, indicates the general direction of Regulus (α Leonis).

Six of the bright stars that have been mentioned, in different constellations: Capella, Aldebaran, Rigel, Sirius, Procyon and Pollux form what, for northern observers, is sometimes known as the ‘Winter Hexagon’. Pollux is accompanied to the northwest by the slightly fainter star of Castor (α Geminorum), the second ‘Twin’.

Several of the stars in this region of the sky show distinctive tints: Betelgeuse (α Orionis) is reddish, Aldebaran (α Tauri) is orange and Rigel (α Orionis) is blue-white.

Конец ознакомительного фрагмента.

Текст предоставлен ООО «ЛитРес».

Прочитайте эту книгу целиком, купив полную легальную версию на ЛитРес.

Безопасно оплатить книгу можно банковской картой Visa, MasterCard, Maestro, со счета мобильного телефона, с платежного терминала, в салоне МТС или Связной, через PayPal, WebMoney, Яндекс.Деньги, QIWI Кошелек, бонусными картами или другим удобным Вам способом.