Разведка и контрразведка США (с конца XVIII века и до наших дней)

24

См.: Hinsdale Mary L. A History of the President's Cabinet.: George Wahr. 1911. P. 19-20.

25

См.: См.: Journals of the Continental Congress 1774-1789/ Volume V/, June 5, 1776. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1906 . P.418-419.

26

См.: Journals of the Continental Congress 1774-1789/ Volume V/, August 21, 1776. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1906 . P.693.

27

См.: Journals of the Continental Congress 1774-1789/ Volume X/ Resolution of February 27, 1778. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1908 P.204.

28

Pennypacker Morton, George Washington's Spies on Long Island and in New York, Brooklyn, 1939, P.31.

29

Ряд статей А. Гамильтона, в защиту американкой федерации и Конституции США 1787 года можно прочесть на страницах небезызвестного "Федералиста". Federalist № 67-71. – In: The Federalist Papers/ Ed. C. Rossiter, The New York, 1961.

30

См.: Van Doren Carl, Secret History of the American Revolution, The New York: Garden City Publishing, 1941, P.341.

31

См.: Washington J. Letter to Concel Elias Dayton, 26 July 1777.

32

См.: Edward F. Sayle, "George Washington, Manager of Intelligence," Studies in Intelligence, vol. 27, №. 4, 1983, P. 3-8.

33

См., например: An act providing the means of intercourse between the United States and foreign nations, June 1, 1796, ch. 41, 1 Stat.493.

34

См.: Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, 1845-1846 Friday, April 10, 1846. Washington: Printed by Ritchie & Heiss, 1846 P.657.

35

См.: Fishel Edwin C., The Secret War for the Union: The Untold Story of Military Intelligence in the Civil

War: New York, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1988. P.9.

36

См.: Gaddy David, William Norris and the Confederate Signal and Secret Service //Maryland Historical Magazine, Volume 70, №. 2, Spring 1975. P 167.

37

См.: Hearing before the Select Committee on intelligence of the US Senate, 98-th Congress, 1-st session, On National Historic Intelligence museum. Nov. 3, 1983, Wash. 1984, P. 7.

38

См.: Intelligence in the Civil War. A publication of the Central Intelligence Agency P.23. [сайт]. URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/additional-publications/civil-war/Intel_in_the_CW1.pdf (дата обращения: 25.04.2014)

39

Аллан Пинкертон, шотландец по происхождения, иммигрировал в США в 1842 году. В 1856 году организовал в Чикаго “Национальное сыскное агентство Пинкертона”. Участвовал в Гражданской войне с апреля 1861 года. Войну закончил в чине майора. Умер в 1884 году. Сыскную фирму передал сыновьям Роберту и Уильяму. – Прим. автора.

40

См.: Allan Pinkerton. The Spy of the Rebellion. New York, G.W. Carleton and Company, 1883. P.89-96.

41

См.: Horan James D. The Pinkertons: The Detective Dynasty That Made History. New York, Crown Publisher, 1967. P.115-137.

42

См.: An Act to amend an Act entitled "An Act to provide Internal Revenue to support the Government and pay interest on the Public Debt," approved July 102 first, eighteen hundred and sixty-too, and for other Purposes, Mar. 3 1863, ch. 74, sec. 20, 12 Stat. 726.

43

См.: Bowen Walter S. & Neal Harry Edward The United States Secret Service, Philadelphia and New York: Chilton Company. 1960, P. 13.

44

См., например: Donald, D., Lincoln. Simon and Schuster, 1996. P 597.

45

См.: Act making the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Expenses of Government for the Year ending the thirtieth of June, eighteen hundred and sixty-one, Jun. 23 1860, ch. 205, 12 Stat. 102.

46

См.: An Act to authorize an additional Issue of United States Notes, and for other Purposes, July 1 1862, ch. 143, 12 Stat. 533.

47

См.: Bowen Walter S. & Neal Harry Edward, oP. cit., P. 13.

48

Ibid., P. 12-83.

49

См.: Kaiser Frederick, Origins of Secret Service Protection of the President: Personal, Interagency, and Institutional Conflict // Presidential Studies Quarterly, 1988, vol. XVIII, №. 1, P. 102.

50

Ibid., P. 112.

51

Supplementary Reports on Intelligence Activities. Book VI. Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Apr. 23, 1976. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington: 1976. P. 61.

52

См.: An Act Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the Government for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and seven, and for other purposes, June 30, 1906, ch. 3914, 34 Stat. 708.

53

См.: William Corson. The Armies of Ignorance. The New York 1977. P.593.

54

См.: General Order № 292// General Orders and Circulars Issued by the Navy Department From 1863 to 1887. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1887. P. 208.

55

См.: US Government Manual. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1942, P. 203.

56

См.: Correspondence of the Military Intelligence Division Relating to "Negro Subversion" 1917-1941// National Archives Trust Fund Board National Archives and Records Administration. Washington: 1987. P.1.

57

См.: An act making appropriations for the support of the Army for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and eighty-nine, and for other purposes, Sept. 22, 1888, 25 Stat. 483.

58

См.: Correspondence of the Military Intelligence Division Relating to "Negro Subversion" 1917-1941. P.1.

59

См.: US Government manual. Wash. 1942, P. 203.

60

См.: Niblack A. P. The Office of naval intelligence : its history and aims. Washington : Governmental Printing Office, 1928. P. 6-11.

61

См.: Hayburn,s Case, 2 Dall. (2 U.S.) 409 (1792).

62

См.: Edward F. Sayle George Washington, Manager of Intelligence, Studies in Intelligence, vol. 27, №. 4, 1983, P. 3-8.

63

См.: The Constitution of the United States, Articles in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America. Art. II, sec. 2. Цит. по: Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, N. J. 1989, P. 1702.

64

См.: Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, December 22, 1794, P.271.

65

См.: Kurtz v. Moffitt, 115 U.S. 487 (1885); Dynes v. Hoover, 20 How. (61 U.S.) 65 (1858).

66

См.: The Constitution of the United States, Articles in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America. Art. II, sec. 2. Цит. по: Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, N. J. 1989, P. 1702.

67

Contingent Fund of Foreign Intercourse (Secret Service Fund).

68

Вряд ли справедливо считать Фонд секретной службы разведывательным органом. Фактически, разведывательная деятельность выступала лишь в качестве одной из направлений деятельности, финансируемых из бюджета Фонда. В равной мере Фонд мог выделять средства и на любые иные мероприятия, совершенно не связанные со спецификой тех задач, которые обычно решает разведка.

69

См.: Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, July 3, 1797.

70

Имеется в виду конституционное право президента "…назначать послов и других официальных лиц". См.: The Constitution of the United States, Articles in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America. Art. II, sec. 2. Цит. по: Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, N. J. 1989, P. 1702.

71

См.: Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, July 3, 1797; Journal of the executive proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America, Tuesday, June 1, 1813.

72

О том, что осуществление связей с иностранными государствами относится к компетенции президента и подчиненных ему должностных лиц, говорит уже в 1790 году один из виднейших творцов американского конституционализма Т. Джефферсон: "…Осуществление связей с иностранными державами есть полностью прерогатива исполнительной ветви власти". См.: Opinion on the Question Whether the Senate Has the Right to Negative the Grade of Persons Appointed by the Executive to Fill Foreign Missions, April 24, 1790, 5 Writings of Thomas Jefferson, P. Ford ed. The New York: 1895, P.161, 162.

73

См.: Journal of the executive proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America, June 1, 1813, P.348; Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, June 21, 1813, P.38; Journal of the executive proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America, April 12, 1822, P.281.

74

Этим же, видимо следует объяснять и тот факт, что судебная власть впервые вопрос о конституционной природе разведывательной деятельности поставила только в 1875 году, то есть почти через столетие после принятия Конституции США (Totten v. United States). – Прим. автора.

75

См.: Hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence of the US Senate, 98-th Congress, 1-st session, On National Historic Intelligence museum. Nov. 3, 1983, Wash. 1984, P. 7.

76

В действительности, достаточно спорен сам вопрос о том, можно ли считать Гражданскую войну в США 1861-865 годов "периодом военного времени". Обычно, в качестве военного периода в США рассматривают лишь период участия США в военных действиях против внешнего противника. – Прим. Автора.

77

См.: Totten v. United States, 92 U.S. 105 (1875).

78

Обычно подобные вопросы Верховный Суд интерпретирует как "политические вопросы" и относит их к компетенции исполнительной и законодательной властей. См.: Foster v. Neilson, 2 Pet. (27 U. S.) 253 (1829).

79

См.: Prize Cases 2 Bl. (67 U.S.) 635 (1863).

80

См.: Totten v. United States, 92 U.S. 105 (1875).

81

См.: The Federalist, No. 69, J. Cooke ed., 1961, P.465.

82

См.: 1 Stat. 424 (1795); 2 Stat. 443 (1807).

83

См.: Martin v. Mott, 12 Wheat, (25 U.S.) 19, 32-33 (1827).

84

См.: William Corson The Armies of Ignorense. The New York 1977. P.593.

85

См.: The Constitution of the United States, Articles in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America. Art. II, sec. 2. Цит. по: Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, N. J. 1989, P. 1702.

86

См.: 333 U.S. 103 (1948).

87

См.: Hayburn,s Case, 2 Dall. (2 U.S.) 409 (1792).

88

См.: Bishop Joseph Bucklin, Theodore Roosevelt and His Time. Vol. II. New York, Scribners, 1920. P. 94.

89

См.: Correspondence of the Military Intelligence Division Relating to "Negro Subversion" 1917-1941// National Archives Trust Fund Board National Archives and Records Administration. Washington: 1987. P.1-3.

90

War Between United States and Germany. Declared by Joint Res. April 6, 1917, 40 Stat. 1.

91

Kahn David, The Codebreakers: the Story of Secret Writing. New York: Scribner:1996. P. 352.

92

См.: Yardley, Herbert O. The American Black Chamber, Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis: 1931. P. 21-22.

93

См.: Hannah Theodore M., The Many Lives of Herbert O. Yardley. «UNCLASSIFIED». NSA Cryptologic Spectrum: 1981. P . 5.

94

См.: Memorandum from Brigadier General Marlborough Churchill, Director of Military Intelligence, to the Chief of Staff, 16 May 1919, subject: Permanent Organization for Code and Cipher Investigation and Attack.

95

Свое название новая служба получила по ассоциации с английской «black chamber», созданной Джоном Уоллисом (John Wallis) и французской «cabinet noir», созданной Антуаном Россиньолем (Antoine Rossignol), предшественников современных криптографических служб, которые еще в XVII веке осуществляли прочтение тайнописных текстов, вскрывали шифры и перлюстрировали почтовые отправления в так называемых «черных кабинетах».

96

См.: Hannah Theodore M., The Many Lives of Herbert O. Yardley. «UNCLASSIFIED». NSA Cryptologic Spectrum: 1981. P. 7.

97

Ibid., P. 8.

98

См.: Historical Background of the Signal Security Agency, published, in three volumes, by the Army Security Agency, Washington, D.C., 12 April 1946. Vol. 3, P.45.

99

См.: David Kahn, The Reader of Gentlemen’s Mail : Herbert O. Yardley and the Birth of American Codebreaking. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004. P.101.

100

См.: Statement for Record of Participation of Brigadier General Carter W. Clarke. GSC, In the Transmittal of Letters From General George C. Marshall to Governor Thomas E. Dewey, the Latter Part of September 1944. P. 12.

101

См.: Yardley, Herbert O. The American Black Chamber, Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis: 1931. P. 370.

102

Hearings before House Appropriation Committee on Sundry Civil Appropriation for 1909. P. 774;

103

Congressional Record, vol.42, P. 5554-5560; Congressional Record, vol.43, P. 458, 460, 462, 463, 655-657, 662-663, 672, 678, 2192, 3132.

104

Congressional Record, vol.42, P. 5555.

105

Congressional Record, vol.43, P. 656, 662-663, 672, 678-679.

106

An Act Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the Government for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and nine, and for other purposes. May 27,1908. 35 U.S. Stat. 328.

107

Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1909 year, P. 8-10.

108

Title pages of Uniform Crime Reports for 1934 and 1935.

109

Congressional Record, vol.43, P. 303, 311, 699, 3795-3801. House Res. 480 (60th Congress, 2nd Sess.), 1909; Sen. Res. 233(60th Congress 2nd Sess.), 1909.

110

Hearings before Selected Committee on ApproP. For the Prevention of Fraud in and Depredations upon the Public Service appointed Jan.20 1909, pursuant to House Res. 480 (60th Congress, 2nd Sess.),P.375.

111

43 Congressional Record P. 721-722.

112

43 Congressional Record P. 24-25,461,462,463.

113

Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Sundry Civil AppriP. for 1910 P. 1012-1013.

114

Ibid. P. 1041.

115

Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Legislative, Executive and Judical Appropriation for 1912, P. 202-203.

116

Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1910 26, Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Sundry Civil Appropriation for 1910, P. 1007,1008.

117

Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Sundry Civil Appropriation for 1909, P. 777; Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Legislative, Executive and Judicial Appropriation for 1911. -P. 268.

118

Hoover J. Edgar, Some Legal Aspects of Interstate Crime; Government Printing Office, Washington D.C., 1938. -P. 810, 26-27.

119

Congressional Record, vol.45, P. 1032.

120

Ibid. P. 820, 823.

121

Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1910 P.26; Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1911 P. 25.

122

45 Congressional Record P. 1032.

123

Johnson vs U.S., 215 Fed. 679 (Apr. 14. 1914); Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Sundry Civil Appropriation for 1915, P. 1156-1158.

124

Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Sundry Civil Appropriation for 1914, P. 871,872,874,876.

125

U.S. vs. Hotte, 236 U.S. 140, 145, 148 (Feb.1, 1915).

126

Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 24, P. 480.

127

The New York Daily News, Feb. 19,26,28.

128

Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 24, P. 478-479.

129

1940 Atty. Gen. 158.

130

Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Sundry Civil Appropriation for 1910, P. 1038.

131

Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Sundry Civil Appropriation for 1917, P. 1356.

132

Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1918, P. 730-734.

133

Lowenthal, Max, The Federal Bureau of Investigation, New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich 1972, P.173.

134

Ibid 177 P.

135

Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Urgent Definciecy Appropriation for 1918, P. 855.

136

Annual Report of War Department for 1917, vol.1, P.129.

137

Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1918 76; Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1918 46-54, 104.

138

См.: Hyman Harold M. To Try Men's Souls: Loyalty Tests in American History. Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1959. P. 273.

139

См.: Jensen Joan M. The Price of Vigilance. Chicago, Rand McNally and Company, 1968. P.149-150.

140

Ungar, Sanford J., FBI : An Uncensored Look Behind the Walls, Boston, Toronto 1976, 42 P.

141

Ibid 42-43 P.

142

Coben, Stanley. A. Mitchell Palmer: Politician. New York: Columbia University Press, 1963. P.199.

143

Hagedorn, Ann. Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007. P.332.

144

Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1917 83; Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1918 24.

145

The New York Times,1918 Sept. 4. P.1.

146

Chicago Daily Tribune, July 14 1918, P.3.

147

The New York Tribune, Sept. 6, 1918, P.5.

148

The New York Evening World, Sept. 3, 1918, P.1.

149

The New York Times, Sept. 5, 1918, P.3; The New York Evening World, Sept. 5, 1918, P.1.

150

The New York Evening World, Sept. 5, 1918,P.1.

151

56 Cong. Rec. 10067.

152

Ibid. 9977.

153

Ibid. 9985.

154

Ibid. 9987.

155

The New York Times, Sept. 6,1918, P.24.

156

The New York Times, Sept. 8,1918, P.9.

157

Cummins and McFarland, Federal Justice, The New York, 1948, P.414.

158

Act of June 25 1798, ch.58, 1 Stat. 570, В закон дважды вносились поправки: July 6, 1798, ch. 66, 1 Stat. 577 and July 6, 1812, ch. 130, 2 Stat. 781.

159

6 апреле 1917 США официально вступили в войну против Германии на основании совместной резолюции Палаты Представителей и Сената, U.S. Code of Laws, Title 50, Joint Resolution of Senate and House of Representatives, P.1189, Washington, Governmental Printing Office 1989.

160

См.: Immigration Act of July 4, 1864, 13 Stat. 385; Immigration Act of Feb. 5 1917, 39 Stat. 874; Immigration Act of June 29 1918, 40 Stat. 634.

161

Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1917 year, p 58, Washington, Governmental Printing Office 1918.

162

Act of June 15 1917, 40 Stat. 217.

163

§ 4, 40 Stat. 219.

164

Act To define regulate, and punish trading with the enemy, and for other purposes, Oct. 6 1917, 40 Stat. 411.

165

В 1918 -1919 годах к закону было принято несколько поправок: Mar.28, 1918, 40 Stat. 460; Sept.24 1918, 40 Stat. 1020; July 11 1919, 41 Stat. 35.

166

Act of Oct.6 1917, Sec. 16, 40 Stat. 425.

167

Explosive Act,Oct. 6 1917, 40 Stat. 385.

168

Explosives Transportation Act of May 30, 1908, 35 Stat. 554, с поправками от 4 марта 1909 г., 35 Stat. 1134.

169

См.: An Act To codify, revise, and amend the penal laws of the United States, Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §§1, 2, 35 Stat. 1088.

170

См.: March Peyton C. The Nation At War. New York, Doubleday, Doran and Company, 1932. P. 226; Nelson Otto L. National Security and the General Staff. Washington, Infantry Journal Press, 1946. P. 265

171

Report and Hearings of the Subcommittee on the Judiciary U.S. Senate, 66th Congress, 1st Session,1919, Vol. II, P.2254.

172

United States Congress, Bolshevik Propaganda, P.14.

173

Report and Hearings of the Subcommittee on the Judiciary, Vol. II, P. 2690-2720, 2729-2744,2751-2785.

174

Report and Hearings of the Subcommittee on the Judiciary U.S. Senate,66th Congress, 1st Session,1919, Vol. II, P.2778-2779.

175

Report and Hearings of the Subcommittee on the Judiciary U.S. Senate,66th Congress, 1st Session,1919, Vol. II, P.2779.

176

Report and Hearings of the Subcommittee on the Judiciary, Vol. II, P.2708.

177

Report and Hearings of the Subcommittee on the Judiciary, Vol. II, P.2729-.

178