Биология добра и зла. Как наука объясняет наши поступки

150

D. Francey and R. Bergmuller, “Images of Eyes Enhance Investments in a Real-Life Public Good,” PLoS ONE 7 (2012): e37397; M. Bateson et al., “Cues of Being Watched Enhance Cooperation in a Real-World Setting,” Biol Lett 2 (2006): 412; K. Haley and D. Fessler, “Nobody’s Watching? Subtle Cues Affect Generosity in an Anonymous Economic Game,” EHB 3 (2005): 245; T. Burnham and B. Hare, “Engineering Human Cooperation,” Hum Nat 18 (2007): 88; M. Rigdon et al., “Minimal Social Cues in the Dictator Game,” JEP 30 (2009): 358.

151

C. Forbes et al., “Negative Stereotype Activation Alters Interaction Between Neural Correlates of Arousal, Inhibition and Cognitive Control,” SCAN 7 (2011): 771.

152

C. Steele, Whistling Vivaldi and Other Clues to How Stereotypes Affect Us (New York: Norton, 2010).

153

L. Mujica-Parodi et al., “Chemosensory Cues to Conspecific Emotional Stress Activate Amygdala in Humans,” PLoS ONE 4 (2009): e6415; W. Zhou and D. Chen, “Fear-Related Chemosignals Modulate Recognition of Fear in Ambiguous Facial Expressions,” Psych Sci 20 (2009): 177; A. Prehn et al., “Chemosensory Anxiety Signals Augment the Startle Reflex in Humans,” Nsci Letters 394 (2006): 127.

154

H. Critchley and N. Harrison, “Visceral Influences on Brain and Behavior,” Neuron 77 (2013): 624; D. Carney et al., “Power Posing Brief Nonverbal Displays Affect Neuroendocrine Levels and Risk Tolerance,” Psych Sci 21 (2010): 1363. Некоторые связанные с темой результаты: A. Hennenlotter et al., “The linkd Between Facial Feedback and Neural Activity Within Central Circuitries of Emotion: New Insights from Botulinum Toxin-Induced Denervation of Frown Muscles,” Cerebral Cortex 19 (2009): 357; J. Davis, “The Effects of BOTOX Injections on Emotional Experience,” Emotion 10 (2010): 433.

155

L. Berkowitz, “Pain and Aggression: Some Findings and Implications,” Motivation and Emotion 17 (1993): 277.

156

M. Gailliot et al., “Self-Control Relies on Glucose as a Limited Energy Source: Willpower Is More Than a Metaphor,” JPSP 92 (2007): 325–36; N. Mead et al., “Too Tired to Tell the Truth: Self-Control Resource Depletion and Dishonesty,” JESP 45 (2009): 594; C. DeWall et al., “Depletion Makes the Heart Grow Less Helpful: Helping as a Function of Self-Regulatory Energy and Genetic Relatedness,” PSPB 34 (2008): 1653; B. Briers et al., “Hungry for Money: The Desire for Caloric Resources Increases the Desire for Financial Resources and Vice Versa,” Psych Sci 17 (2006): 939; C. DeWall et al., “Sweetened Blood Cools Hot Tempers: Physiological Self-Control and Aggression,” Aggressive Behav 37 (2011): 73; D. Benton, “Hypoglycemia and Aggression: A Review,” Int J Nsci 41 (1988): 163; B. Bushman et al., “Low Glucose Relates to Greater Aggression in Married Couples,” PNAS USA 111 (2014): 6254. Альтернативное толкование всех этих данных с точки зрения мотиваций и самоконтроля: M. Inzlicht et al., “Why Self-Control Seems (But May Not Be) Limited,” TICS 18 (2014): 127.

157

V. Liberman et al., “The Name of the Game: Predictive Power of Reputations Versus Situational Labels in Determining Prisoner’s Dilemma Game Moves,” PSPB 30 (2004): 1175; A. Kay and L. Ross, “The Perceptual Push: The Interplay of Implicit Cues and Explicit Situational Construals on Behavioral Intensions in the Prisoner’s Dilemma,” JESP 39 (2003): 634.

158

К сноске: E. Hall et al., “A Rose by Any Other Name? The Consequences of Subtyping ‘African-Americans’ from ‘Blacks,’” JESP 56 (2015): 183.

159

К сноске: K. Jung et al., “Female Hurricanes Are Deadlier Than Male Hurricanes. PNAS 111 (2014): 8782.

160

A. Tversky and D. Kahneman, “Rationale Choice and the Framing of Decisions,” J Business 59 (1986): S251; также см.: J. Bargh et al., “Priming In-group Favoritism: The Impact of Normative Scripts in the Minimal Group Paradigm,” JESP 37 (2001): 316; C. Zogmaister et al., “The Impact of Loyalty and Equality on Implicit Ingroup Favoritism,” Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 11 (2008): 493.

161

J. Christensen and A. Gomila, “Moral Dilemmas in Cognitive Neuroscience of Moral Decision-Making: A Principled Review,” Nsci Biobehav Rev 36 (2012): 1249; L. Petrinovich and P. O’Neill, “Influence of Wording and Framing Effects on Moral Intuitions,” Ethology and Sociobiology 17 (1996): 145; R. O’Hara et al., “Wording Effects in Moral Judgments,” Judgment and Decision Making 5 (2010): 547; R. Zahn et al., “The Neural Basis of Human Social Values: Evidence from Functional MRI,” Cerebral Cortex 19 (2009): 276.

162

D. Butz et al., “Liberty and Justice for All? Implications of Exposure to the U.S. Flag for Intergroup Relations,” PSPB 33 (2007): 396; M. Levine et al., “Identity and Emergency Intervention: How Social Group Membership and Inclusiveness of Group Boundaries Shape Helping Behavior,” PSPB 31 (2005): 443; R. Enos, “Causal Effect of Intergroup Contact on Exclusionary Attitudes,” PNAS 111 (2014): 3699.

163

M. Shih et al., “Stereotype Susceptibility: Identity Salience and Shifts in Quantitative Performance,” Psych Sci 10 (1999): 80.

164

P. Fischer et al., “The Bystander-Effect: A Meta-analytic Review on Bystander Intervention in Dangerous and Non-dangerous Emergencies,” Psych Bull 137 (2011): 517.

165

B. Pawlowski et al., “Sex Differences in Everyday Risk-Taking Behavior in Humans,” Evolutionary Psych 6 (2008): 29; B. Knutson et al., “Nucleus Accumbens Activation Mediates the Influence of Reward Cues on Financial Risk Taking,” Neuroreport 26 (2008): 509; V. Griskevicius et al., “Blatant Benevolence and Conspicuous Consumption: When Romantic Motives Elicit Strategic Costly Signals,” JPSP 93 (2007): 85; L. Chang et al., “The Face That Launched a Thousand Ships: The Mating-Warring Association in Men,” PSPB 37 (2011): 976; S. Ainsworth and J. Maner, “Sex Begets Violence: Mating Motives, Social Dominance, and Physical Aggression in Men,” JPSP 103 (2012): 819; W. Iredale et al., “Showing Off in Humans: Male Generosity as a Mating Signal,” Evolutionary Psych 6 (2008): 386; M. Van Vugt and W. Iredale, “Men Behaving Nicely: Public Goods as Peacock Tails,” Brit J Psych 104 (2013): 3.

166

J. Q. Wilson and G. Kelling, “Broken Windows,” Atlantic Monthly, March 1982, p. 29.

167

K. Keizer et al., “The Spreading of Disorder,” Sci 322 (2008): 1681.

168

Несколько хороших примеров того, как лобная кора направляет и концентрирует обработку сенсорной информации: G. Gregoriou et al., “Lesions of Prefrontal Cortex Reduce Attentional Modulation of Neuronal Responses and Synchrony in V4,” Nat Nsci 17 (2014): 1003; S. Zhang et al., “Long-Range and Local Circuits for Top-Down Modulation of Visual Cortex Processing,” Sci 345 (2014): 660 и T. Zanto et al., “Causal Role of the Prefrontal Cortex in Top-Down Modulation of Visual Processing and Working Memory,” Nat Nsci 14 (2011): 656.

169

R. Adolphs et al., “A Mechanism for Impaired Fear Recognition After Amygdala Damage,” Nat 433 (2005): 68.

170

M. Dadds et al., “Reduced Eye Gaze Explains Fear Blindness in Childhood Psychopathic Traits,” J the Am Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 47 (2008): 4; M. Dadds et al., “Attention to the Eyes and Fear-Recognition Deficits in Child Psychopathy,” Brit J Psychiatry 189 (2006): 280.

171

Здесь введение в кросс-культурные исследования по этой теме: R. Nisbett et al., “Culture and Systems of Thought: Holistic Versus Analytic Cognition,” Psych Rev 108 (2001): 291; T. Hedden et al., “Cultural Influences on Neural Substrates of Attentional Control,” Psych Sci 19 (2008): 12; J. Chiao, “Cultural Neuroscience: A Once and Future Discipline,” Prog in Brain Res 178 (2009): 287 и H. Chua et al., “Cultural Variation in Eye Movements During Scene Perception,” PNAS 102 (2005): 12629.

172

Химическая кастрация обычно действенна в случаях обсессивных перверсий: F. Berlin, “‘Chemical Castration’ for Sex Offenders,” NEJM 336 (1997): 1030. Недостаточная эффективность в случае «враждебных» насильников: K. Peters, “Chemical Castration: An Alternative to Incarceration,” Duquesne University Law Rev 31 (1992): 307. Общие указания на то, что химическая кастрация не слишком эффективна: P. Fagan, “Pedophilia,” JAMA 288 (2002): 2458. Я благодарю Ариеля Ласки за помощь в исследовании по данной теме.

173

За примерами об отсутствии корреляции у приматов обращайтесь к работе: M. Arlet et al., “Social Factors Increase Fecal Testosterone Levels in Wild Male Gray-Cheeked Mangabeys (Lophocebus albigena),” Horm Behav 59 (2011): 605; J. Archer, “Testosterone and Human Aggression: An Evaluation of the Challenge Hypothesis,” Nsci Biobehav Rev 30 (2006): 319; приведенная цитата – со с. 320.

174

J. Oberlander and L. Henderson, “The Sturm und Drang of Anabolic Steroid Use: Angst, Anxiety, and Aggression,” TINS 35 (2012): 382; R. Agis-Balboa et al., “Enhanced Fear Responses in Mice Treated with Anabolic Androgenic Steroids,” Neuroreport 22 (2009); 617.

175

E. Hermans, et al., “Testosterone Administration Reduces Empathetic Behavior: A Facial Mimicry Study,” PNE 31 (2006): 859; J. Honk et al., “Testosterone Administration Impairs Cognitive Empathy in Women Depending on Second-to-Fourth Digit Ratio,” PNAS 108 (2011): 3448; P. Bos et al., “Testosterone Decreases Trust in Socially Naive Humans,” PNAS 107 (2010): 9991; P. Bos et al., “The Neural Mechanisms by Which Testosterone Acts on Interpersonal Trust,” Neuroimage 2 (2012): 730; P. Mehta and J. Beer, “Neural Mechanisms of the Testosterone-Aggression Relation: The Role of the Orbitofrontal Cortex,” J Cog Nsci 22 (2009): 2357.

176

L. Tsai and R. Sapolsky, “Rapid Stimulatory Effects of Testosterone upon Myotubule Metabolism and Hexose Transport, as Assessed by Silicon Microphysiometry,” Aggressive Behav 22 (1996): 357; C. Rutte et al., “What Sets the Odds of Winning and Losing?” TIEE 21 (2006) 16.

Уверенность в себе и выносливость: A. Boissy and M. Bouissou, “Effects of Androgen Treatment on Behavioral and Physiological Responses of Heifers to Fear-Eliciting Situations,” Horm Behav 28 (1994): 66; R. Andrew and L. Rogers, “Testosterone, Search Behaviour and Persistence,” Nat 237 (1972): 343; J. Archer, “Testosterone and Persistence in Mice,” Animal Behav 25 (1977): 479; M. Fuxjager et al., “Winning Territorial Disputes Selectively Enhances Androgen Sensitivity in Neural Pathways Related to Motivation and Social Aggression,” PNAS 107 (2010): 12393.

У спортсменов: M. Elias, “Serum Cortisol, Testosterone, and Testosterone-Binding Globulin Responses to Competitive Fighting in Human Males,” Aggressive Behav 7 (1981): 215; A. Booth et al., “Testosterone, and Winning and Losing in Human Competition,” Horm Behav 23 (1989): 556; J. Carré and S. Putnam, “Watching a Previous Victory Produces an Increase in Testosterone Among Elite Hockey Players,” PNE 35 (2010): 475; A. Mazur et al., “Testosterone and Chess Competition,” Soc Psych Quarterly 55 (1992): 70; J. Coates and J. Herbert, “Endogenous Steroids and Financial Risk Taking on a London Trading Floor,” PNAS 105 (2008): 616.

177

N. Wright et al., “Testosterone Disrupts Human Collaboration by Increasing Egocentric Choices,” Proc Royal Soc B (2012): 2275.

178

P. Mehta and J. Beer, “Neural Mechanisms of the Testosterone-Aggression Relation: The Role of Orbitofrontal Cortex,” J Cog Nsci 22 (2010): 2357; G. van Wingen et al., “Testosterone Reduces Amygdala – Orbitofrontal Cortex Coupling,” PNE 35 (2010): 105; P. Bos and E. Hermans et al., “The Neural Mechanisms by Which Testosterone Acts on Interpersonal Trust,” Neuroimage 2 (2012): 730.

179

Тестостерон снижает уровень страха и тревоги у грызунов: C. Eisenegger et al., “The Role of Testosterone in Social Interaction,” TICS 15 (2011): 263. Тестостерон ослабляет реакцию страха: V. Viau, “Functional Cross-Talk Between the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal and -Adrenal Axes,” J Neuroendocrinology 14 (2002): 506. Тестостерон ослабляет реакцию вздрагивания у человека: J. van Honk et al., “Testosterone Reduces Unconscious Fear But Not Consciously Experienced Anxiety: Implications for the Disorders of Fear and Anxiety,” BP 58 (2005): 218; E. J. Hermans et al., “A Single Administration of Testosterone Reduces Fear-Potentiated Startle in Humans,” BP 59 (2006): 872.

180

Общие обзоры: R. Woods, “Reinforcing Aspects of Androgens,” Physiology & Behav 83 (2004): 279; A. DiMeo and R. Wood, “Circulating Androgens Enhance Sensitivity to Testosterone Self-Administration in Male Hamsters,” Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behav 79 (2004): 383; M. Packard et al., “Rewarding Affective Properties of Intra – Nucleus Accumbens Injections of Testosterone,” Behav Nsci 111 (1997): 219.

181

A. N. Dimeo and R. I. Wood, “ICV Testosterone Induces Fos in Male Syrian Hamster Brain,” PNE 31 (2006): 237; M. Packard et al., “Rewarding Affective Properties of Intra – Nucleus Accumbens Injections of Testosterone,” Behav Nsci 111 (1997): 219; M. Packard et al., “Expression of Testosterone Conditioned Place Preference Is Blocked by Peripheral or Intra-accumbens Injection of Alpha-flupenthixol,” Horm Behav 34 (1998) 39; M. Fuxjager et al., “Winning Territorial Disputes Selectively Enhances Androgen Sensitivity in Neural Pathways Related to Motivation and Social Aggression,” PNAS 107 (2010): 12393; A. Lacreuse et al., “Testosterone May Increase Selective Attention to Threat in Young Male Macaques,” Horm Behav 58 (2010): 854.

182

A. Dixson and J. Herbert, “Testosterone, Aggressive Behavior and Dominance Rank in Captive Adult Male Talapoin Monkeys (Miopithecus talapoin),” Physiology & Behav 18 (1977): 539.

183

E. Hermans et al., “Exogenous Testosterone Enhances Responsiveness to Social Threat in the Neural Circuitry of Social Aggression in Humans,” BP 63 (2008): 263; J. van Honk et al., “A Single Administration of Testosterone Induces Cardiac Accelerative Responses to Angry Faces in Healthy Young Women,” Behav Nsci 115 (2001): 238; R. Ronay and A. Galinsky, “Lex Talionis: Testosterone and the Law of Retaliation,” JESP 47 (2011): 702; P. Mehta and J. Beer, “Neural Mechanisms of the Testosterone-Aggression Relation: The Role of Orbitofrontal Cortex,” J Cog Nsci 22 (2010): 2357; P. Bos et al., “Testosterone Decreases Trust in Socially Naïve Humans,” PNAS 107 (2010): 9991.

184

K. Kendrick and R. Drewett, “Testosterone Reduces Refractory Period of Stria Terminalis Neurons in the Rat Brain,” Sci 204 (1979): 877; K. Kendrick, “Inputs to Testosterone-Sensitive Stria Terminalis Neurones in the Rat Brain and the Effects of Castration,” J Physiology 323 (1982): 437; K. Kendrick, “The Effect of Castration on Stria Terminalis Neurone Absolute Refractory Periods Using Different Antidromic Stimulation Loci,” Brain Res 248 (1982): 174; K. Kendrick, “Electrophysiological Effects of Testosterone on the Medial Preoptic-Anterior Hypothalamus of the Rat,” J Endo 96 (1983): 35; E. Hermans et al., “Exogenous Testosterone Enhances Responsiveness to Social Threat in the Neural Circuitry of Social Aggression in Humans,” BP 63 (2008): 263.

185

J. Wingfield et al., “The ‘Challenge Hypothesis’: Theoretical Implications for Patterns of Testosterone Secretion, Mating Systems, and Breeding Strategies,” Am Naturalist 136 (1990): 829.

186

J. Archer, “Sex Differences in Aggression in Real-World Settings: A Meta-analytic Review,” Rev of General Psych 8 (2004): 291.

187

J. Wingfield et al., “Avoiding the ‘Costs’ of Testosterone: Ecological Bases of Hormone-Behavior Interactions,” Brain, Behav and Evolution 57 (2001): 239; M. Sobolewski et al., “Female Parity, Male Aggression, and the Challenge Hypothesis in Wild Chimpanzees,” Primates 54 (2013): 81; R. Sapolsky, “The Physiology of Dominance in Stable Versus Unstable Social Hierarchies,” in Primate Social Conflict, ed. W. Mason and S. Mendoza (New York: SUNY Press, 1993), p. 171. P. Bernhardt et al., “Testosterone Changes During Vicarious Experiences of Winning and Losing Among Fans at Sporting Events,” Physiology & Behav 65 (1998): 59.

188

M. Muller and R. Wrangham, “Dominance, Aggression and Testosterone in Wild Chimpanzees: A Test of the ‘Challenge’ Hypothesis,” Animal Behav 67 (2004): 113; J. Archer, “Testosterone and Human Aggression: An Evaluation of the Challenge Hypothesis,” Nsci Biobehav Rev 30 (2006): 319.

189

К сноске: L. Gettler et al., “Longitudinal Evidence That Fatherhood Decreases Testosterone in Human Males,” PNAS 108 (2011): 16194. S. Van Anders et al., “Baby Cries and Nurturance Affect Testosterone in Men,” Horm Behav 61 (2012): 31. J. Mascaro et al., “Testicular Volume is Inversely Correlated with Nurturing-Related Brain Activity in Human Fathers,” PNAS 110 (2013): 15746. У некоторых приматов время выполнения ряда отцовских обязанностей совпадает со временем соревнования самцов, должного улучшить их шансы на репродуктивный успех. В гормональном плане все усложняется, т. к. отцовство и соревновательность прямо противоположным образом влияют на уровень тестостерона. По данным одного исследования, зов чресел оказался сильнее отцовского порыва и уровень тестостерона повысился. P. Onyango et al., “Testosterone Positively Associated with Both Male Mating Effort and Paternal Behavior in Savanna Baboons (Papio cynocephalus),” Horm Behav 63 (2012): 430.

190

J. Higley et al., “CSF Testosterone and 5-HIAA Correlate with Different Types of Aggressive Behaviors,” BP 40 (1996): 1067.9781594205071_Behave_TX.indd 731 3/16/17 9:12 AM

191

C. Eisenegger et al., “Prejudice and Truth About the Effect of Testosterone on Human Bargaining Behaviour,” Nat 463 (2010): 356.

192

M. Wibral et al., “Testosterone Administration Reduces Lying in Men,” PLoS ONE 7 (2012): e46774.Также см.: J. Van Honk et al., “New Evidence on Testosterone and Cooperation,” Nat 485 (2012): E4.

193

Некоторые обзоры: O. Bosch and I. Neumann, “Both Oxytocin and Vasopressin Are Mediators of Maternal Care and Aggression in Rodents: From Central Release to Sites of Action,” Horm Behav 61 (2012): 293; R. Feldman, “Oxytocin and Social Affiliation in Humans,” Horm Behav 61 (2012): 380; A. Marsh et al., “The Influence of Oxytocin Administration on Responses to Infant Faces and Potential Moderation by OXTR Genotype,” Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 24 (2012): 469; M. J. Bakermans-Kranenburg and M. H. van Ijzendoorn, “Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) and Serotonin Transporter (5-HTT) Genes Associated with Observed Parenting,” SCAN 3 (2008): 128. Гипоталамический путь, который зависит от пола: N. Scott et al., “A Sexually Dimorphic Hypothalamic Circuit Controls Maternal Care and Oxytocin Secretion,” Nat 525 (2016): 519.

194

К сноске: D. Huber et al., “Vasopressin and Oxytocin Excite Distinct Neuronal Populations in the Central Amygdala,” Sci 308 (2005): 245; D. Viviani and R. Stoop, “Opposite Effects of Oxytocin and Vasopressin on the Emotional Expression of the Fear Response,” Prog Brain Res 170 (2008): 207.

195

Y. Kozorovitskiy et al., “Fatherhood Affects Dendritic Spines and Vasopressin V1a Receptors in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex,” Nat Nsci 9 (2006): 1094; Z. Wang et al., “Role of Septal Vasopressin Innervation in Paternal Behavior in Prairie Voles,” PNAS 91 (1994): 400.

196

A. Smith et al., “Manipulation of the Oxytocin System Alters Social Behavior and Attraction in Pair-Bonding Primates, Callithrix penicillata,” Horm Behav 57 (2010): 255; M. Jarcho et al., “Intransal VP Affects Pair Bonding and Peripheral Gene Expression in Male Callicebus cupreus,” Genes, Brain and Behav 10 (2011): 375; C. Snowdon, “Variation in Oxytocin Is Related to Variation in Affiliative Behavior in Monogamous, Pairbonded Tamarins,” Horm Behav 58 (2010); 614.

197

Z. Donaldson and L. Young, “Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and the Neurogenetics of Sociality,” Sci 322 (2008): 900; E. Hammock and L. Young, “Microsatellite Instability Generates Diversity in Brain and Sociobehavioral Traits,” Sci 308 (2005): 1630; L. Young et al., “Increased Affiliative Response to Vasopressin in Mice Expressing the V1a Receptor from a Monogamous Vole,” Nat 400 (1999): 766; M. Lim et al., “Enhanced Partner Preference in a Promiscuous Species by Manipulating the Expression of a Single Gene,” Nat 429 (2004): 754.

198

E. Hammock and L. Young, “Microsatellite Instability Generates Diversity in Brain and Sociobehavioral Traits,” Sci 308 (2005): 1630.

199

I. Schneiderman et al., “Oxytocin at the First Stages of Romantic Attachment: Relations to Couples’ Interactive Reciprocity,” PNE 37 (2012): 1277.

200

B. Ditzen et al., “Intranasal Oxytocin Increases Positive Communication and Reduces Cortisol Levels During Couple Conflict,” BP 65 (2009): 728; D. Scheele et al., “Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance Between Males and Females,” J Nsci 32 (2012): 16074; H. Walum et al., “Genetic Variation in the Vasopressin Receptor 1a Gene Associates with Pair-Bonding Behavior in Humans,” PNAS 105 (2008): 14153; H. Walum et al., “Variation in the Oxytocin Receptor Gene Is Associated with Pair-Bonding and Social Behavior,” BP 71 (2012): 419.

201

M. Nagasawa et al., “Oxytocin-Gaze Positive Loop and the Coevolution of Human-Dog Bonds,” Sci 348 (2015): 333.

202

M. Yoshida, et al., “Evidence That Oxytocin Exerts Anxiolytic Effects via Oxytocin Receptor Expressed in Serotonergic Neurons in Mice,” J Nsci 29 (2009): 2259. Работа окситоцина в миндалине: D. Viviani et al., “Oxytocin Selectively Gates Fear Responses Through Distinct Outputs from the Central Nucleus,” Sci 333 (2011): 104; H. Knobloch et al., “Evoked Axonal Oxytocin Release in the Central Amygdala Attenuates Fear Response,” Neuron 73 (2012): 553; S. Rodrigues et al., “Oxytocin Receptor Genetic Variation Relates to Empathy and Stress Reactivity in Humans,” PNAS 106 (2009): 21437; M. Bakermans-Kranenburg and M. van Ijzendoorn, “Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) and Serotonin Transporter (5-HTT) Genes Associated with Observed Parenting,” SCAN 3 (2008): 128; G. Domes et al., “Oxytocin Attenuates Amygdala Responses to Emotional Faces Regardless of Valence,” BP 62 (2007):1187; P. Kirsch, “Oxytocin Modulates Neural Circuitry for Social Cognition and Fear in Humans,” J Nsci 25 (2005): 11489; I. Labuschagne et al., “Oxytocin Attenuates Amygdala Reactivity to Fear in Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder,” Neuropsychopharmacology 35 (2010): 2403; M. Heinrichs et al., “Social Support and Oxytocin Interact to Suppress Cortisol and Subjective Responses to Psychosocial Stress,” BP 54 (2003): 1389; K. Uvnas-Moberg, “Oxytocin May Mediate the Benefits of Positive Social Interaction and Emotions,” PNE 23 (1998): 819. Цитата Сью Картер приведена по: P. S. Churchland and P. Winkielman, “Modulating Social Behavior with Oxytocin: How Does It Work? What Does It Mean?” Horm Behav 61 (2012): 392.