From the Thames to the Tiber

Next we saw the triumphal arch of Constantine (the first Christian Emperor of Rome), this seems to be the best preserved of all the arches we saw, although now it has been standing since 311 A.D.  We learned it was erected by the people of Rome in honour of the great victory achieved over Maxentius at Ponte Mollo.  The central arcade is about thirty-feet high, the side ones are about twenty-feet.  There are four beautiful columns of Corinthian marble which support the pillars upon which stand some fine statuary representing some of the “Dacian prisoners,” “Trajan’s entry into Rome after his victory in the east,” “The rest on the Appian Way,” “Trajan bringing help and succour to the poor children,” “Trajan speaking to his soldiers.”  Under these are bas-reliefs which represent hunts and sacrifices.  On the opposite side of the street we noticed a large pedestal which we were told held, in ancient times, a colossal statue of Nero, executed in bronze.  After his death it was thrown down and replaced by another called “The god of the sun.”  This, however, has been allowed to fall into decay; the iron tooth of time has done its work, and only the pedestal remains.

The Navona Square or Piazza calls for a remark or two, it is the next largest to St. Peter’s.  There are three fine fountains in the square, These seem to be of a modern design and workmanship.  One represents Neptune coping with a sea monster, surrounded by sea horses.  In the basin rises a kind of rock; on the four sides of which are representations of “The Danube,” for Europe; “The Ganges,” for Asia; “The Nile,” for Africa; and the “Rio de la Plata,” for America.  The rock is surmounted by a very neatly-cut obelisk.  The first and largest fountain is about 100-feet high, and when in play has a very beautiful effect.  The Church of St. Mary is but a plain looking building from the outside.  We approached with little interest, but when we got inside we found it to be a perfect museum of painting and sculpture; also, there are many tombs of celebrated cardinals.  The guide showed us a picture said to be the work of St. Luke, and in all seriousness, told us it was supposed to have the power to work miracles still.  We did not stay to ask whether that power was ever evoked.  There is a chapel inside, the architecture of which was planned by Raphael.  The design of big mosaics on the vault of the dome is simply marvellous.  There is a representation of the heavenly bodies in their fullest splendour; also a fine statue of Jonah by Raphael.  There is attached to this church a monastery, in which reside the monks of the Order of St. Augustine.  It is said to have been the residence of the famous Martin Luther, during his visit to Rome.  He entered the city through the Porto del Popolo, and knelt down as soon as he had passed the gate, crying most sincerely, “I salute thee, Oh! holy Rome!—Rome, venerable through the blood and the tombs of the martyrs.”  And then he went straightway to the convent, and there he celebrated mass.  And after the experiences he went through during his stay in the city, what he had seen, and what he had heard—he said, on passing again through the same gate out, with bitterness and grief, “Adieu, Oh! City, where everything is permitted, but to be a good man.”  Every place we visited brought some reminders of the sad fall of the papacy from real Christianity.

To the Berbine picture gallery, was a visit which gave us much pleasure, as we saw pictures from the ablest of artists.  The paintings by Michael Angelo and Raphael, Francesco and Tiziano.  “Adam and Eve driven from Paradise,” by Guido Reni; “Christ and the Doctors of the Church,” by Dürer; “The Holy Family,” by Andrea; “The Annunciation,” by Bronzine; and many others that we considered marvels of the artists’ brush.  There is also within this gallery a very large room as a library in which, we learned, there are over 30,000 books in print, and over 8,000 in manuscript, by Dante, Galileo, Lasso and others.  The wonders of these places filled us with such admiration, we could stay and look until quite weary, so we take tram to hotel again for rest.

CHAPTER VII

The Church of the Trinity: St. Maria: Church of Onesemus: The Grand Corso: The British and Foreign Bible Society: Outside view of the Quirinal: Nero’s House: Leaving Rome: Scene at a wayside station: Arrival at Florence: Visit to the Cathedral.

The wonderful Church called the Church of the Trinity, up a very broad staircase of some 330 steps; then a very fine piazza or square, and an obelisk, at the top of which they say is a piece of the cross on which St. Peter suffered martyrdom.  In this square we found artists’ models waiting to be engaged.  Some of them very pretty Italian peasant girls fresh from mountain homes, in costumes quaint and queer; old men with white beards and capacious cloaks; shepherd boys from the Campagna; bag-pipers from Abruzzi; also mendicants of more than one nationality; also vendors of wares of various kinds, principally small brooches, photo frames and pins, with nic-nacs that were considered to be attractive.  A scene of very great interest to the Britisher.  We left here to have a stroll in the streets, to watch with interest the customs and habits of the people.  Hotels almost without number; beer-houses, only a few; cafes, many; confectioners, many; chemists and doctors, fairly numerous; dentists, several at any rate; restaurants, many, and some on a very large scale; telephone call offices; lavatories; specialities, as jewellers who sell Roman pearls, mosaics, religious ornaments, bronzes, marble, etc.; porters standing in various places to give you a hand with a parcel; omnibuses running to the station from all parts of the city; carriages for hire at about eightpence per mile, English money.  So we passed an hour in watching the ever changing street scenes, until tired, then to our hotel and to rest once more.  Returning to our further inspection of churches, museums, and places of interest, we went to see the old St. Maria.  This is a very interesting place, and is said to be built upon the site of what was Paul’s “own hired house in which he dwelt for two whole years,” see Acts, ch. 28, v. 30.  It is said that on this spot, Onesimus, the runaway slave, was converted, and that he received the gifts sent by the Philippians and the Colossians, by Epaphroditus, which he so thankfully acknowledges.  Philippians., chapter 4, verse 18.  “I am full, having received of Epaphroditus the things which were sent from you, an odour of a sweet smell, a sacrifice acceptable, well-pleasing to God.”  Three rooms in the basement of the church are shown as the very rooms in which St. Paul and St. Luke taught and wrote.  Col., chapter 4, verse 14.

Leaving this place we enter the Corso, the principal street of the city.  To our surprise and delight we saw a depot of the British and Foreign Bible Society; the window full of Italian copies of the scriptures spread open, some showing clearly one passage, and some another; so that he who runs can read.  We found we could buy the New Testament for threepence in English money.  A separate gospel for less than one penny.  It is not many years since when this would not have been allowed in Rome or in Italy.  Before the Pope’s power was broken, I mean his temporal power, he did not allow a circulation of the Bible, nor did he allow a public assembly of heretics (Christians) within the city.  Now, thank God, there are numerous Protestant Churches in the city.  The Wesleyans have one or more churches.  The Americans, the Lutheran, the Greek, the English church and others are now allowed the privileges not long since denied to them.  We had the pleasure of an outside view of the Quirinal, the present residence of the King of Italy in Rome.  It was at one time the residence of the Pope.  It is an old building, 1574 is the date.  It is said the Popes prepared this residence because the air was so fresh, and the neighbourhood so healthy.  While the King is in Rome the Quirinal palace is not open to visitors.  The gardens are on an extensive scale.  Within the palace are sculpture, museums, library, paintings by Raphael, Michael Angelo and Luigi Serra.  Some of the subjects are simply masterpieces.  We went from the Quirinal to the Baths of Titus, erected by the Emperor of that name, it is said upon the same place where once stood the house of Nero.  The excavators in 1811 laid bare many interesting facts concerning the times of Titus, about the year 80 A.D.  Only a semicircle can be seen showing the foundations, yet it seems to be clear that these are the only remains of the baths referred to.  We left here feeling we were satiated with sight seeing, and our time for leaving Rome was near at hand, so we determined upon a few purchases.  Then to our hotel to reflect, to think, to recall, if possible, to memory what we had seen and heard.  To fill up our diary, to settle our hotel accounts, and to get ready to leave the “Eternal City.”  We reviewed in our mind at leisure, where we had been, and what we had seen in Rome.  And we read up history which tells us in the palmy days of Rome, there would be within the city over 400 temples, and over 17,000 palaces, over 13,000 fountains, more than 30 theatres, 8 amphitheatres, 11 baths, some of which would accommodate some 1,500 bathers at once, 80 gilt statues, and over 3,700 bronze statues, 82 statues of figures on horseback, so we think of Rome in her imperial pride, when luxury lay on the lap of so many of her nobles.  Since then she has been humbled to the dust.  Many of these costly buildings and statuary are in ruins, but there is enough left to show her once illustrious position.

We had certainly made the best of the time at our disposal, so we leave thee, Oh! Rome! the great, the illustrious.  “It may be for years, or it may be for ever.”  We said good-bye, and soon we were en route for Florence.  The scenery for some distance is not particularly attractive.  The usual Italian villages, in some cases just a cottage or two, the tenants of which are out with their ox and plough, or a pair of donkeys and a rickety old cart, or the man is draining his farm.  We saw about eight or ten women at a large stone trough by the side of a highway washing.  It seems this is their custom, for the women of several families to have a joint washday, and go to the nearest clean flowing water.

As we proceeded northward, we noticed the country became more undulating and richer in fruits and flowers.  The season for the grapes being ripe was just on, and we noticed as we journeyed, on all sides, grape vines; there seemed to be miles of them, and still, as we hurried along, more vineyards.  Oxen in wagons in the rows of vines, were being loaded with the luscious fruit.  Six white oxen in each wagon mostly.  The husband, wife and children, all seemed to be engaged in plucking and loading the fruit.  We passed scores of miles of vineyards of this sort.  We stopped at a station called Cartona.  I saw a typical Italian girl with a grape stall on the platform.  I alighted and selected two large bunches of beautiful ripe grapes, and as I could not ask the price, not speaking Italian, I held out my hand with a number of coins of various value for her to take the cost of the grapes.  She selected twenty centimes, that is about twopence in English money; so very cheap are grapes.  The country is a lovely country and rich beyond compare.  Our train, we could perceive at times, was climbing, so slow was the speed, but as we got higher the scene became more lovely; the Italian lakes in the distance; the towns with the usual Duomo or Church always noticeable.

At every road crossing we noticed an Italian woman, usually aged, sat at the gate crossing, with horn in hand ready to give warning of an approaching train.  About four o’clock in the afternoon we came in sight of Florence.  The first view was entrancing.  The city lies in a hollow, the surrounding hillsides are, here and there, dotted over with castles and mansions, each in their own lovely and extensive grounds.  They were mostly of white marble.  The river Arno runs through the city.  Florence is essentially a city of flowers, as its name indicates.  All around for miles castles, mansions, villas, gardens and shady nooks fill the soul with a consciousness that Nature here has bestowed her gifts of beauty in no stinted degree.  Florence has been called, and I think very aptly, the Athens of Italy.  This city possesses the memories of some of the world’s greatest men, “the priceless heirlooms of a glorious past.”  Here the peerless bard, “Dante” sang his deathless song and made his lovely Beatrice immortal.  Was it not from these very hills and fields on which we were gazing, that Galileo every night scanned the heavens to compel the distant orbs to reveal their secrets?

Here we see her peerless domes and towers rise in all their stately grandeur beneath a lovely Italian sky.  We are now at the station.  Alighting, we soon found the ’bus for “Hotel Minerva” (this we had selected before hand) so were soon once more settled for a little while.  Our hotel was very comfortable, and we found mine host most gracious, and evidently most desirous to satisfy us, and so keep our patronage as long as possible.  The rooms were lofty and furnished with taste, dinner served in good style, which included everything we could wish for.  A look round the city for a little while, was our first thought, so out we went into the great open square, facing which is the Duomo or Cathedral Maria del Fiore, so called from the lily which figures in the arms of Florence.  This vast pile of buildings was begun in the year 1298, and finished in the year 1462.  It is stated it was built on the foundations of an earlier church.  It is a grand example of the Gothic art.  The length of the building is 185 yards, and its width, 114 yards.  The dome is 300 feet high, and with the lantern 352 feet.  On the 8th of September, 1298, a representative of Pope Boniface VIII. blessed the foundations of this new grand temple in the presence of the “Gonfaloniere Borgo,” many bishops, “the chapter,” all the Florentine clergy, the captains of the arts, and the magnificent and sublime “Signori of the Republic,” as they were called.  The words with which the community gave charge of this sumptuous building were, literally translated, “to make it so magnificent and so sublime that it would be impossible that it should be surpassed.”  And it seemed to us that for size and strength and adornments, few can compare with it.  Many vicissitudes occurred during the building—wars, deaths of architects, etc.—till in the year 1492 it was something like a completed building.  In April, 1860, King Victor Emmanuel laid the foundation of a new facade, which was to replace one taken away, as the design was considered unsuitable.  Above the south door is a Madonna between two angels.  Inside we were struck with its massiveness, more than with its decorations.  On the right there is a fine equestrian statue of John Hawkswood, of date 1384, an English soldier of fortune, who had served the Republic with unswerving fidelity.  Over the portico is a fine picture of the Virgin Mary in mosaic.  On the right side are some fine marble figures of great men of ancient dates.  In the east nave are fine statues of St. John and St. Peter; a fine stained-glass window with most attractive and telling designs.  Inside the great dome is a very peculiar, very grotesque frieze, by a great painter named Vasari, depicting the flames of hell and awful monsters around them.  Also the heaven of delight and bliss.

Near the Cathedral is the wonderful Campagna or tower, which visitors through centuries have visited and admired.  A distinguished visitor once said, “The Florentines should enclose this tower in a glass case, and only let it be on exhibition during the great festivals.”  It is solid and strong, though it rises to the height of 292 feet.  It has four stories, the lower ones are richly fixed with variegated marble, and covered almost with statues of illustrious men.  A view of this tower from a distance is very fine.  We had seen nothing like it before in all our travels on the continent.

CHAPTER VIII

Florence: Michael Angelo’s House: Baptistry of St. John: The Uffizi Gallery: The Tribune: A drive to the suburbs: Dante’s House: Dante’s Poems: The Gardens: Mrs. Browning’s description of Vallambrosa: Michael Angelo’s work: Galileo, his trial, etc.

As we had little time for visiting other places of interest, the day being now far advanced, we determined to give our minds and bodies a rest.  So we entered a cafe for refreshment, we found them exceedingly clean and most obliging; we took what refreshment we needed, then went for a stroll on the streets to see the shops, and we found the city has some fine streets and shops of almost every kind.  The city has a population of about 200,000.  We were reminded frequently of some of the worthies of the city in sculpture or in painting.  Michael Angelo, though not born in Florence, spent a great deal of his life here, and here some of his finest works were completed, and in Florence he died and was buried.  At the corner of the Via Buonarotti stands the house in which he lived.  It is now (like the house of the immortal Shakespeare) a museum given to the city.

“Farewell,” said Michael Angelo, on setting out for where he was to undertake the finishing of the great St. Peter’s, in Rome.  “Farewell, I go to try to make thy sister, but I cannot hope to make thy equal.”

About the old Baptistry of St. John, to which, we are told, all the children of the city are taken to be christened, there are two bronze gates at which a famous workman was employed forty years.  Michael Angelo declared “these gates were worthy to be the gates of Paradise.”

I believe there is a cast of these gates exhibited at the South Kensington Museum.

The Uffizi Gallery or museum or both, where I should think may be found the most wonderful collection of art to be found in the world.  Even in Rome we had seen nothing to equal it.  It contains over 13,000 paintings.  Cameos and original designs without number.  There are long corridors where statues of celebrated Tuscans fill the niches.  There is sculptured marble, or painted canvas, of all imaginable beings in heaven or on earth.  Emperors and kings, saintly Madonnas, angels, gods and goddesses, muses and nymphs; all may be found in this marvellous collection.  And on the ceiling are frescoes setting forth the annals of Florence.  In one of the halls stands a painting of Niobe with her sons and daughters clinging around her, victims of the cruel vengeance of Diana and Apollo.  In another room are some angels surrounding a Madonna, making a lovely picture.  There is a gallery in which are paintings of the painters of all nations, painted by themselves.  Vandyck, with his clear blue eye, long hair and fair countenance; Raphael, looking sad and gentle and very sallow; Michael Angelo, simple yet sublime, he is in his dressing gown.  We were simply surrounded and bewildered by the fascinating sights on every hand.  There are cabinets also, containing rare gems, cameos and bronzes of all sizes and shapes.  The Tribune also demands notice, as it contains vast masses of valuable treasures.  One room is paved with the most costly marble.  There are five masterpieces of antiquity.  In the centre stands the Venus de Medicis, serene, pure, delicate, and perfectly lovely; another, the Dancing Fawn; another, “Apollino,” “The Wrestlers,” and the “Grinder.”  There is also here, one of the finest and best of Raphael’s paintings, “The Glorious Madonna.”  Two others by Titian.  We soon became exhausted and weary, so we left the entrancing scenes for another day.  To our hotel was but the work of ten minutes; safely housed.  Table-de-hote dinner, to write up our diaries, to commend our lives and our loved ones to the care of our Heavenly Father, we slept.  During the night there was a severe thunder storm, the lightning played round our hotel, lighting up the great square in front, but so far as we know, no damage was done.  We rose in health, refreshed and ready for a good breakfast; this, the Italians know how to provide.  Their coffee is the best I have ever tasted.  Fish, eggs, cold meats and fruits in abundance.  We made a fine breakfast, and after writing some letters and post cards we ventured out, this time for a drive to the suburbs.  I soon found carriage and driver and made terms.

Before starting, however, I took a snapshot of my wife in the carriage, with the archway or part of the facade of the Duomo for background.  We passed through the principal parts of the city, and our driver pointed out the house, still standing, where Dante, the greatest of all the great poets of Italy, was born.  It is very near to the church of Santa Croce, a very old building, but in its vicinity lies the dust of some of Italy’s noblest sons.  Near here in the year 1865, on the 5th day of May, a vast concourse of people assembled to see the unveiling of a statue of Dante.  It is 19 feet in height, and it is mounted on a pedestal 23 feet in height.  This was the six hundredth anniversary of the poet’s birthday.  Dante was not buried here, but at Ravenna, where he died in exile away from the city he loved so much.  In the “Sheep-fold of St. John” as he called it.  His life was full of strange vicissitudes, apparently more of cloud and storm than of sunshine.  His father was in the legal profession, and this, Dante adopted, and studied very successfully at several schools in Italy and Germany.  At an early age he fell madly in love with one, Beatrice, but she married another man, and left him with a great sore in his heart.  He was called to bear arms against Ariezo and Pisa, where he served with great assiduity.  He afterwards married, but not happily, at the age of 28.  He had a family, however, and his first-born being a girl, he called her Beatrice, after his first love.  A civil war had been brewing for some time.  Again Dante took the field, this time, unfortunately, on the weaker side, and a revolutionary government being formed, he, with other ringleaders who wished to resist the extreme pretensions of the Pope, were sentenced to be burned alive.  He, however, managed to escape into Germany, where he wandered about from place to place, finding no settled residence, and desiring to return to his native city, but this was denied him.  He died, as we have seen, in Ravenna.  His daughter Beatrice was a nun in one of the convents, but to do some tardy justice to the noble bard, a sum of money was raised for her own special use.  I can hardly leave this interesting subject without a passing reference to his poems, as are now principally read.  The volume I refer to includes the “Inferno,” “The Purgatorio,” and “The Paradiso.”  It is here surmised that Virgil and St. Bernard conduct Dante through these divisions of the universal world, to help him to write something that would show up the source of Italy’s ruin.  The poem is a fine allegory, showing, as it does in the first part, a Panther, representing Florence or envy; a Lion, France or ambition; a She-Wolf, the Court of Rome or avarice; a Greyhound, Our Saviour or His vicegerent the Pope; Virgil, human wisdom; and Beatrice, heavenly wisdom.  His representation of Hell as a dark valley, at the mouth of which is Limbo, and which are nine circles indicating nine different degrees of sin to be punished.  The wise and good even are represented as lying in tears and sorrow, because they were not baptized.  Purgatory is a step hill in the hemisphere opposite hell.  Seven rounds have to be climbed before the seven stains of sin are washed away.  At the top is the Garden of Eden.  It is most interesting to follow Dante, as he ascends with his beloved Beatrice to Paradise, through the various heavens of the moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, the Sun, Jupiter, etc.  The eighth heaven contains the triumph of Christ; and the Virgin Mary and Adam he makes to dwell there also.  In the ninth heaven is a manifestation of the Divine Essence, viewed by three hierarchies of Angels.  While these poems are allegorical, they are full of interest and show that Dante was greatly moved and influenced by “the things that are unseen which are eternal.”  In his youthful days he paced the fields and groves of lovely Italy, writing sonnets to his beloved Beatrice.  In his later years he had to eat the bread of bitterness, being an outcast from his friends and from the city he loved.  The world, however, has been enriched by his poverty.  A sight of the place where he was born has suggested to us this commentary.  We left the place not without reflection upon the immutability of things that are earthly.  From here our driver took us towards the lovely gardens across the river Arno, the gardens of Boboli; these are open to the public Thursday and Sunday.  Approaching the bridge which spans this lovely river, we were struck with its massiveness as well as its beauty.  It is called the Jewellers’ Bridge, as jewellers’ shops line the bridge on each side fully, except a very small break in the middle through which you get a very nice view of the river as it rolls along.  A bridge further on is adorned with statues, and is considered the most beautiful of the seven that cross the Arno.  When over the bridge the road is very steep; our driver left his box to give the horse the benefit.  Now we seem getting into the suburbs, the road is lined with trees of all sorts; the acacia, the box, the walnut, the maple, the olive and many others, I do not think I could tell the names of them all.  Up and up we went, in a semicircular fashion, until we gained the summit.  When we had gone through the gate into the garden, the view was simply entrancing.  Florence, with its towers and spires and domes, lay like a fine panorama at our feet, and the river gliding gently through the city.  The villages in the distances nestling amidst luxuriant foliage of trees and plants.  The gardens around us full of beauty, adorned with statuary, and a profusion of moss and creeper and colour of flowers, we may never see again.  Just across the river, we could see the tower of Galileo, where the great astronomer nightly watched the stars, or