Понятие о неоднородных системах, в дополнение к понятию о гетерогенных системах, возникает при отклонениях свойств внутри однородных макро-фаз, когда масштаб неоднородностей становится меньше нижнего размера области применимости термодинамики, определяемого как размер, ниже которого становятся важными учет дискретности вещества и размерные флуктуации. Неоднородные системы появляются за счет присутствия границ раздела фаз, внешних сил или неравновесности состояния системы. В ходе развития классической термодинамики малых систем для диапазона размеров от одного до 100 нм методами статистической термодинамики было выявлено главное противоречие между квазистатическим процессом, который является основным процессом, обсуждаемым в равновесной теории фазовых переходов, и существующими экспериментальными данными по временам релаксации процессов переноса импульса, энергии и массы.
Монография освещает новые разработки в классической и статистической термодинамиках, указывающие на необходимость вернуться к исходной трактовке второго начала термодинамики, сформулированного Клаузиусом, в отличие от его предельной формы, постулированной Гиббсом. Цель монографии – изложение методов расчета термодинамических функций неоднородных систем, включая важнейшую поверхностную характеристику – поверхностное натяжение, методами статистической термодинамики. Книга отражает линию о неразрывной связи равновесных и неравновесных термодинамик и дает взаимосвязь вкладов от малых неоднородных подсистем в термодинамические функции системы макроскопического размера.
Общность основ равновесной и неравновесной термодинамик заключена не только в использовании концепции локального равновесия, но и явным образом демонстрируется в ходе последовательного построения уравнений равновесия с позиций предельного перехода от неравновесного состояния к полному равновесному состоянию системы (по логике Клаузиуса). Такая логика излагается впервые, так как исторически Клаузиус обсуждал только однородные системы с одним веществом. Все охватывающие достижения термодинамики были связаны с разработкой Гиббсом теории гетерофазных систем и их поверхностей для многокомпонентных систем. Микроскопические подходы охватывают все области приложений термодинамики, как у Гиббса, но с позиции взаимосвязи равновесных и неравновесных термодинамик, как у Клаузиуса.
Монография имеет междисциплинарный характер. Книга предназначена для специалистов в области физической химии, статистической термодинамики, физики поверхностных явлений и фазовых переходов, кинетической теории в конденсированных фазах и гидродинамики, механики твердых тел и технологов, занимающихся созданием новых материалов, а также для студентов и аспирантов соответствующих специальностей.

учебная и научная литература

монографии

естественные науки

физика

химия

физическая химия

знания и навыки

Основы химической термодинамики неоднородных систем

Молекулярная теория адсорбции в пористых телах

любовные романы

фэнтези

современная русская литература

современные любовные романы

современная зарубежная литература

детективы

об истории серьезно

приключения

книги о приключениях

ужасы / мистика

учебники и пособия для вузов

cтихи, поэзия

книги по психологии

стихи и поэзия

гуманитарные и общественные науки

русская классика

мистика

боевики, остросюжетная литература

публицистическая литература

культура и искусство

критика

A Room of One's Own

Identifying efficient solutions to protect coastal regions from marine pollution requires expertise from a range of specialties and strategic approaches. This book gathers information on the impact of oil spills at a coastal level from different experts’ points of view, identifying synergies between domains such as mathematics, numerical modeling, mechanics, biology, economics and law. The collaborative research presented here is based on the 4th International Workshop on Anti-Pollution and Marine Coastal Water Pollution, held in La Rochelle, France at the Engineering School EIGSI, in April 2012. The areas addressed include: materials and structures (fluid-structure and capture interaction, cable and membrane equations, optimization); coastal hydrodynamics (computational fluid dynamics, numerical analysis of shallow water equations, analytical and numerical derivatives); biological impacts (biology, multivariate analysis, indicators); and economics and law (compensation costs, insurance coverage, coastal vulnerability).

научно-популярная литература

зарубежная образовательная литература

Marine Coastal and Water Pollutions. Oil Spill Studies

Now you can access Jean Barbazette's systematic process for creating winning training materials that will help raise your skills to the next level. The book is filled with easy-to-use tools and templates that answer all the questions trainers, course designers, and subject matter experts (SMEs) have about what it takes to develop training materials and how they can easily create the best training program in the shortest amount of time. «Jean is a master at providing her readers with new ideas and innovative approaches to the art of delivering excellent learning solutions. Our field has gone through so many changes and Jean is on top of them and out in front all at the same time. Bravo!» —Beverly Kaye, founder/chairman of the board, Career Systems International and coauthor of Help Them Grow or Watch Them Go «Barbazette has done it again: she has made your job easier with step-by-step guidelines for developing training materials. Jean covers the entire process in her typical easy-to-follow manner, simplifying the complicated and making you the hero! Don't miss this one!» —Elaine Biech, ebb associates inc. and author of The Business of Consulting «Once again master trainer Barbazette has provided an elegantly simple, step-by-step guide to what can often be the most tedious part of the training process: writing training materials that support and expand a learner's results. Both seasoned professional and newcomer will find this an easy-to-follow guide and valuable resource to be used over and over.» —Eileen McDargh, president, McDargh Communications, and author of Talk Ain't Cheap – It's Priceless «Barbazette is back to fill another gap in the training literature. This extensive work on how and when to write training materials is chock-full of templates and other tools. Systematic and thorough, this is an exceptional guide for those wanting to efficiently create successful training interventions.» —Jane Bozarth, Ed.D., eLearning Coordinator, State of North Carolina and author of Better Than Bullet Points

зарубежная деловая литература

коучинг

How to Write Terrific Training Materials. Methods, Tools, and Techniques

"This book offers companies in the food industry the first comprehensive guide to preparing for the Global Standard Audit." Beverage and Food World, May 2009 BASED ON ISSUE 5 OF THE BRC STANDARD The British Retail Consortium Global Standard for Food Safety was originally conceived to meet an increasing demand for a unified standard to be used by the major retailers in the UK for their suppliers of «own label» food products. The system has proved so successful that it is now used throughout the food industry, and over 7000 food manufacturers worldwide already have the Standard. Companies are often unsure about how to approach attaining certification—often a demanding process, especially at the first attempt. Not only are there over 300 clauses to satisfy, there are also general concerns such as how to correct non-conformities within very specific deadlines. Even when their operations are actually quite satisfactory, many suppliers find themselves poorly prepared for the audit and do not perform as well as they might. This book offers companies in the food industry the first comprehensive guide to preparing for the Global Standard audit. Using over 600 real life examples, it enables manufacturers to ensure that the correct systems are in place to achieve the Standard and present themselves in the best way during the audit process. It also recommends the steps to take following the audit and how to correct non-conformities. The book is an essential resource for suppliers wishing to attain certification for the first time and those already in the scheme seeking to improve their grades. It is also of interest to certification bodies and consultants to the food industry.

техническая литература

технические науки

The BRC Global Standard for Food Safety. A Guide to a Successful Audit

Bistatic radar consists of a radar system which comprises a transmitter and receiver which are separated by a distance comparable to the expected target distance. This book provides a general theoretical description of such bistatic technology in the context of synthetic aperture, inverse synthetic aperture and forward scattering radars from the point of view of analytical geometrical and signal formation as well as processing theory. Signal formation and image reconstruction algorithms are developed with the application of high informative linear frequency and phase code modulating techniques, and numerical experiments that confirm theoretical models are carried out. The authors suggest the program implementation of developed algorithms. A theoretical summary of the latest results in the field of bistatic radars is provided, before applying an analytical geometrical description of scenarios of bistatic synthetic aperture, inverse synthetic aperture and forward scattering radars with cooperative and non-cooperative transmitters. Signal models with linear frequency and phase code modulation are developed, and special phase modulations with C/A (coarse acquisition) and P (precision) of GPS satellite transmitters are considered. The authors suggest Matlab implementations of all geometrical models and signal formation and processing algorithms. Contents 1. Bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar (BSAR) Survey. 2. BSAR Geometry. 3. BSAR Waveforms and Signal Models. 4. BSAR Image Reconstruction Algorithms. 5. Analytical Geometrical Determination of BSAR Resolution. 6. BSAR Experimental Results. 7. BSAR Matlab Implementation. A general theoretical description of bistatic technology within the scope of synthetic aperture, inverse synthetic aperture and forward scattering radars from the point of view of analytical geometrical and signal formation and processing theory. Signal formation and image reconstruction algorithms are developed in this title, with application of high informative linear frequency and phase code modulating techniques. Numerical experiments that confirm theoretical models are carried out and the authors suggest program implementation for the algorithms developed.

зарубежная компьютерная литература

программирование

Bistatic SAR / ISAR / FSR. Theory Algorithms and Program Implementation

Declared a terrorist menace yet elected to government in a free election, Hamas now stands as the most important Sunni Islamist group in the Middle East. How did Hamas grow to be so powerful? Who supports it? What is its future? This essential insight into Hamas answers these questions. Milton-Edwards and Farrell have between them spent decades researching and reporting from the heartlands of the Hamas movement and gained unrivalled access to the world of Islamic resistance and radical Islam in its potent Palestinian form. Drawing on their frontline experiences of recent events, their access to secret documents from the western intelligence community and interviews with leaders, militants, and commanders of Hamas' armed battalions, they reveal the full story of Hamas and the future of political Islam in the Middle East. Milton-Edwards and Farrell show Hamas to be a broad and thus more powerful regional phenomenon than previously thought, and by doing so contend that it is now time to rethink the war and the nature of Islam and its role in the Middle East. Beverley Milton-Edwards is Professor in the School of Politics, International Studies and Philosophy at Queens University, Belfast. She is the author of books such as Contemporary Politics in the Middle East (2006) and The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: a People's War (2009). Prize-winning journalist Stephen Farrell is Foreign Correspondent for the New York Times and was previously Middle East correspondent for The Times.

историческая литература

серьезное чтение

Hamas. The Islamic Resistance Movement

The last decade has seen an explosion of medical information in regards to the nutrition care and management of children. While nutritional therapies have expanded, the treatment choices have become increasingly complex. This exciting title addresses the extensive amount of information available to practitioners in a concise, accessible fashion via a series of algorithms. It focuses on the normal growing healthy child from birth through adolescence, covering common pediatric diseases and disorders through a series of flows charts which outline step-by-step nutritional processes for pediatric patients. The highly visual format of the book allows the practitioner to make rapid, evidence based choices. Features: Unique algorithm approach to the largest dietetic specialism Highly visual approach allows quick decision making All algorithms and text built on evidence-based research Covers the pediatric phase from birth to adolescence Includes common childhood diseases and disorders 

медицина / здравоохранение

медицина

Pediatric Nutrition Handbook. An Algorithmic Approach

Полная версия

Основы химической термодинамики неоднородных систем

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